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The Confucius Institute (CI) program, which began establishing centers for Chinese language instruction in 2004, has been the subject of criticisms, concerns, and controversies during its international expansion. Many such concerns stem from the CI's relationship to Chinese Communist Party authorities, giving rise to criticisms about undermining academic freedom at host universities, engaging in industrial and military espionage, surveillance of Chinese students abroad, and attempts to advance the Chinese government's political agendas on controversial issues such as human rights, Taiwan and Tibet.〔 (Free Tibet challenges China's propaganda in schools. ) ''Free Tibet''. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.〕〔 (Campaigners Shut Down Confucius Institute ). ''Students for a Free Tibet''. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2015.〕 Additional concerns have arisen over the institutes’ financial and academic viability, teaching quality, and relations with Chinese partner universities.〔Starr, Don ("Chinese Language Education in Europe: the Confucius Institutes" ), ''European Journal of Education'' (2009). Volume 44, Issue 1, pages 78–79.〕 Confucius Institutes have defended their establishments, comparing them with other cultural promotion organizations such as Alliance française and Goethe-Institut.〔 However, unlike the Alliance francaise or Goethe-Institut, many Confucius Institutes are operate directly on university campuses, thus giving rise to unique concerns related to academic freedom and political influence.〔 Some observers have noted that CIs are largely limited to teaching cultural and language programs, and the institutes' staff tend to see political and controversial subjects as human rights and democracy as outside the context of the mission of a Confucius Institute.〔〔Ulara Nakagawa (2011), (Confucius Controversy ), ''The Diplomat'', 7 March 2011. "〕 ==Background== The Confucius Institute program began in 2004 and is financed by the quasi-governmental Office of Chinese Language Council International (colloquially, ''Hanban''), which is chaired by Politburo member and Vice Premier Liu Yandong, former head of the United Front Work Department. Hanban is governed by "a council of high state and party officials" drawn from a variety of party and state ministries including Foreign Affairs, Education, and the State Council Information Office (also known as the "Office of Foreign Propaganda") . Marshall Sahlins of the University of Chicago describes Hanban as "an instrument of the party state operating as an international pedagogical organization." The institutes operate in co-operation with local affiliate colleges and universities around the world. The related Confucius Classroom program partners with secondary schools and school districts to provide Chinese language teachers and instructional materials.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://college.chinese.cn/en/article/2009-08/29/content_22308.htm )〕 The Confucius Institute has grown rapidly from one campus in Seoul in 2004 to more than 400 worldwide〔Confucius Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (), "Confucius Institutes around the globe"〕 in 2013, and opposition to the program "has grown almost as dramatically." Critics have accused CIs of having restrictive hiring practices and "spreading propaganda" about issues such as the legitimacy of the Taiwanese state and origins of the Korean War.〔Jon Marcus, (West’s universities reconsider China-funded Confucius Institutes ), ''The Times'' Higher Education, 4 April 2013.〕〔(Confucius Institute Under Fire as Conduit of Chinese Propaganda ), ''The Daily Signal'', The Heritage Foundation, 16 October 2014〕 In evidence of the "spectacular proliferation" of CIs, Lionel Jensen notes they have become so familiar in the United States that they were subjects of parody on a segment of Jon Stewart's The Daily Show.〔Jensen (2011), p. 280.〕〔(Socialism Studies ), The Daily Show, 7 June 2010.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Criticisms of Confucius Institutes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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